- vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y) and consonants: long time ago, consonants firstly appeared, vowels did not exist.
- vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y) are exchangeable.
- P = B, D = T, C = G = K = QU = X, F = U = V = W = Y, S = Z = X = TH
- similar shapes: m-n, u-v-w; lurk – lowerk, renovate – new, prudent – provident
- g/h is removed: sheeny – shine – sun; feign – feint; arduous – hard
- s-t-d; p-b-f-v-ph, c-ch: amorphous – morph (form); dissent – sense; pyromania – pyro (fire); canal – channel
- Sound related: M-N-L-R
- -R+N- stick together: internal, external, maternal, paternal
- D – L: odor, olfactory; tongue, lingue (language); pilot, pedal
- exchange spelling order: star – astr
Examples
- clarity – clear
- nominate – name
- gild – gold
- grisly – gray
- shelter – shell
- shield – shell
- fetter – fet (feet) + t + er
- feasible = feas (fact) + ible
- disburse = dis (apart) + burse (purse)
- reimburse = re (back) + im (into) + burse (purse)
- ascetic – athletic
- kindle – candle
- sunder – thunder
- miscellaneous = mis (mix) + cell + aneous (adj.)
- masquerade = masqu (mask) + er + ade (n. collective)
ap – pat 拍： clap, flap, lap, tap, slap, rap
br – break 分开，分歧： brawl
gl – light: glare, gleam, glow, gloom, glory, gloss,
gru – grunt: grumble, grump, grudge
cl – 粘住： clasp, class, clench, cling, close,
cr, scr – action by hands 手上的动作： crawl, scrawl, scribble,
op – 往下： drop, flop, plop, slop, chop, lop
sl – slip 往下滑： slash (= sl + cash) (gash, hack), slump (= sl + jump), slack (= sl + lack), sloppy (= slippers), slovenly (slow), slumber (sleep), sleigh, slither, slipshod, slim, slippery, sleek, slope, slender,
sp – spread out 发散： sprawl (urban sprawl)
st – stand: boisterous = (boy + ste + rous)
wr – 扭， 生气：wry, write, wrist,