汉语:parataxis—平行语，连动句，没有轻重之别。
英语:hypotaxis—层次语，突出中心动词，次要动词状语化。
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
As no puma had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, it must have been in the possession of private collector.
She tried to explain the situation and said ‘it’s only me’.
Trying to explain the situation, she said ‘it’s only me’.
He looked at his watch and saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times and then it stopped.
Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped.
(with) + n. + 非谓语 (doing / done / to do, 其中 being 常省略), 在句中常作状语或定语。
He stopped running and sweat streamed down his face.
He stopped running (with) sweat streaming down his face.
He / With him stopping running sweat streamed down his face.
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.
One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings (being) over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
…, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.
Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time (being) for boredom.
It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.
The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat tied to a tree on a short length of rope in a field nearby.
it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with, superimposed upon it, the continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans. it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with the continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans superimposed upon it.
He came in and carried a book.
He came in carrying a book.
He came in and a book was in his hand.
He came in (with) a book (being) in his hand.
The ______ of airplane engines announced a coming air raid.
A. roar B. exclamation
C. whistle D. scream
造句:宁静突然被打破，一个凶恶的家伙(a tough guy)，瞪着眼睛拿着枪，闯进了(break into) 银行。
The silence was suddenly broken when a tough guy, with his eyes glaring and a gun in his hand, broke into the bank.
- animals which eat insects = insect-eating animals
- citizens who abide by the law = law-abiding citizens
- silverware which is made by hands = hand-made silverware
- diseases which are related to stress = stress-related diseases
- state-owned enterprises (SOE)
- flower-selling girls
- epoch-making masterpieces
- cancer-causing substances
reviewed on 1/3/2022
In English grammar, a reduced adverb clause is an adverb(ial) clause that has been shortened to a phrase, usually by omitting its subject and a form of be. In conventional usage, an adverb clause can be reduced to a phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause is the same as the subject of the independent clause.
状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:
①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；
②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。
从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。
Metals expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.
Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.
Francis Preston Blair Jr., although he was born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
Francis Preston Blair Jr., although born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while (he had been) counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace.
造句:来自于伦敦动物园的专家最终打了一个电话，在电话中他通知动物园说，这只美洲狮 在正从一座古庙逃跑的时候被抓住了，这座古庙位于距离伦敦几乎有一百英里远的一座 200 米高的小山上。
The expert from London Zoo had at last made a telephone call in which he informed the zoo that the puma had been caught while escaping from an ancient temple standing on a 200-meter hill which was almost 100 miles from London.
When ( the museum is ) completed, the museum will be open to the public next year .
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.
另外，比较状语从句经常省略。
例如：
I’m taller than he (is tall ).
The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).
状语从句的”简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;
③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;
④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。
(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。
例如:
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:
a.连词+形容词
As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。
Work hard when (you are) young, or you’ll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
b.连词+名词
Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。
c.连词+现在分词
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。
d.连词+过去分词
He won’t go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。
e.连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。
He wouldn’t solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。
f. 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。
注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room. 当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。
